Assessing the Efficacy of Different Carrier Systems in Oral Vitamin B12 Supplementation

Inclusion Criteria: * Healthy adults, male or female, Aged 18 to 45 years * Stable medical conditions, including stable cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, and hematological status, * Normal vital signs Body mass index (BMI) 18-30 kg/m2 * Suboptimal vitamin B12 status, defined as serum B12 levels within the lower end of the reference range established by the laboratory conducting the assay. * Willing and able to provide informed written consent. * Able to comply with study procedures and follow-up visits as outlined in the protocol. Exclusion Criteria: * Known hypersensitivity or allergy to vitamin B12 or any of its components * Known history of cobalt allergy or sensitivity. * Severe malabsorption syndromes, including pernicious anemia or intestinal disorders affecting vitamin B12 absorption * History of gastric bypass surgery or other procedures that significantly alter gastrointestinal anatomy or function * Significant renal impairment (eGFR \< 30 mL/min/1.73m²) or hepatic impairment * Cancer * Uncontrolled or significant cardiovascular disease, including recent myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or heart failure * History of psychiatric illness or cognitive impairment that may impair their ability to comply with study procedures or provide informed consent * Currently enrolled in another clinical trial involving investigational products or interventions. * Pregnant or breast-feeding women * Current use of acetaminophen, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibio…