Clinical Efficacy of 125I Seed Implantation in the Treatment of Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

Inclusion Criteria: Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (DTC) was confirmed by pathology, with local recurrence or distant metastasis of residual thyroid cancer and conforming to any of the following Iodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (RAIR-DTC) criteria: (1) no uptake of 131I in the initial 131I treatment; (2) loss of iodine uptake capacity in previously functional iodine-avid lesions; (3) disease progression after 131I therapy, including gradual enlargement of the lesion and continuously increasing levels of serum thyroglobulin (Tg). Exclusion Criteria: Patients with severe physical diseases, such as severe dysfunction of the cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, or renal systems, poor compliance, inability to tolerate 125I seed implantation, severe acute infectious or chronic infection with acute exacerbation, severe coagulopathy that may lead to serious complications like infection or bleeding, pregnant or lactating women affecting fetal and infant growth and development, patients with cachexia or expected survival of ≤3 Months and patients with positive serum anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) that may impact the assessment of treatment efficacy.