Predicting Adverse Kidney Events of Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury Using Novel Biomarkers

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients undergoing cardiac surgery who experienced AKI within 48 hours of cardiac surgery were screened. Exclusion Criteria: * History of End Stage Renal Disease or on Dialysis; * prior kidney transplantation; * patients with a DNR order; * patients without written informed consent; * pregnancy; * moribund patients with expected death within 24 h or whose survival to 28 days was unlikely due to an uncontrollable comorbidity (i.e., end-stage liver or heart disease, untreatable malignancy)