Metabolic flexibility is the capacity to adapt fuel oxidation to fuel availability so that ATP synthesis can match its cellular demands. Thus, for example, increases in glucose availability after a meal would increase glucose oxidation, while increases in lipid availability during fasting would increase lipid oxidation. Enhanced metabolic flexibility has been proposed to protect humans from metabolic diseases. Nevertheless, most studies examining associations between metabolic flexibility and metabolic health outcomes have used cross-sectional designs. Whether impaired metabolic flexibility causes or results from metabolic health impairment is thus unclear. In this study, the investigators will use the data from a study conducted approximately 16 years ago in healthy participants without obesity. Using the data already collected in that study, the metabolic flexibility of each participant will be calculated. To test the association between metabolic flexibility and the change in metabolic health, the investigators will call back all the participants for a single follow-up visit to reassess several metabolic health outcomes. Thus, the main aim of the study is to test the association between metabolic flexibility and the change in metabolic health outcomes after 16 years in humans.
Age range
20 Years – 65 Years
Sex
ALL
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A starting point for the conversation — always confirm anything about your own eligibility, costs, and care with the study team and your doctor.
Glucose
Timeframe: At baseline (in 2008-2009) and after approximately 16 years (2024-2025)
Total cholesterol
Timeframe: At baseline (in 2008-2009) and after approximately 16 years (2024-2025)
HDL cholesterol
Timeframe: At baseline (in 2008-2009) and after approximately 16 years (2024-2025)
LDL cholesterol
Timeframe: At baseline (in 2008-2009) and after approximately 16 years (2024-2025)
Triglycerides
Timeframe: At baseline (in 2008-2009) and after approximately 16 years (2024-2025)
HOMA-IR
Timeframe: At baseline (in 2008-2009) and after approximately 16 years (2024-2025)
Blood pressure
Timeframe: At baseline (in 2008-2009) and after approximately 16 years (2024-2025)
Waist circumference
Timeframe: At baseline (in 2008-2009) and after approximately 16 years (2024-2025)
Body mass index
Timeframe: At baseline (in 2008-2009) and after approximately 16 years (2024-2025)
Body fat percentage
Timeframe: At baseline (in 2008-2009) and after approximately 16 years (2024-2025)