• Background Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation is used during general anesthesia but can lead to serious complications. Respiratory parameter settings can be adjusted to minimize the detrimental effects of this unphysiological artificial respiration. Determining optimal ventilator settings is a multifactorial problem with many possible realisations. Knowledge of the relationship of patient outcomes with mathematically identifiable integer sets of ventilator setting parameters may help to understand which effects ventilator settings have on patient outcomes. An exploratory database study can provide a basis for further, prospective, interventional studies to find the optimal combination of ventilator settings. Main research question * To determine the relationship between the use of mathematically identifiable integer ventilator parameter sets and patient outcomes * Design (including population, confounders/outcomes) Retrospective database study of all cases of adult patients undergoing procedures in the UMCG under general anesthesia with IPPV between 01-01-2018 and 01-04-2023. Multivariate and mixed-model analyses, where appropriate, will be corrections for patient specific characteristics such as ASA PS, age, BMI, sex. * Expected results Using mathematically identifiable integer ventilatory parameter sets improves respiratory and/or hemodynamic patient outcomes.
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SpO2/FiO2 ratio
Timeframe: from start of intermittent positive pressure ventilation until end of intermittent positive pressure ventilation, assessed for a maximum of 24 hours after start of Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation
SpO2
Timeframe: from start of intermittent positive pressure ventilation until end of intermittent positive pressure ventilation, assessed for a maximum of 24 hours after start of Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation
etCO2
Timeframe: from start of intermittent positive pressure ventilation until end of intermittent positive pressure ventilation, assessed for a maximum of 24 hours after start of Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation
Blood Pressure
Timeframe: from start of intermittent positive pressure ventilation until end of intermittent positive pressure ventilation, assessed for a maximum of 24 hours after start of Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation
Heart Rate
Timeframe: from start of intermittent positive pressure ventilation until end of intermittent positive pressure ventilation, assessed for a maximum of 24 hours after start of Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation
Positive end Expiratory Pressure
Timeframe: from start of intermittent positive pressure ventilation until end of intermittent positive pressure ventilation, assessed for a maximum of 24 hours after start of Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation
Plateau Pressure
Timeframe: from start of intermittent positive pressure ventilation until end of intermittent positive pressure ventilation, assessed for a maximum of 24 hours after start of Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation
Respiration rate
Timeframe: from start of intermittent positive pressure ventilation until end of intermittent positive pressure ventilation, assessed for a maximum of 24 hours after start of Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation