For almost 60 years, millions of women globally have relied on oral contraceptive (OC) pills for pregnancy prevention and addressing menstrual irregularities. However, 4-10% of users experience mood-related side effects such as depression and anxiety, often leading to discontinuation of OC use. Previous studies also indicate that OC usage may lead to chronic alterations in brain structure and the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, a system involved in regulating stress responses. In the proposed study the investigators aim to investigate in more detail how women who start taking oral contraception (OC) and women who stop taking OC differ in their stress reactivity and their mood from long-term OC users. Furthermore, assessing hormones will help to shed light on the connection between OC, stress reaction, sex hormones and the brain. To achieve this, individual biomarkers will be evaluated, including changes in brain anatomy, functional responses and connectivity during acute psychosocial stress and early changes in mood and well-being through ambulatory assessment.
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Stress-induced changes in mood
Timeframe: Pre medication vs. 3 months after medication
Stress-induced changes in the subjective experience of stress
Timeframe: Pre medication vs. 3 months after medication
Stress-induced changes in brain response
Timeframe: Pre medication vs. 3 months after medication
Stress-induced changes in functional connectivity
Timeframe: Pre medication vs. 3 months after medication
Stress-induced changes in skin conductance
Timeframe: Pre medication vs. 3 months after medication
Stress-induced changes in pulse
Timeframe: Pre medication vs. 3 months after medication
Stress-induced changes in cortisol
Timeframe: Pre medication vs. 3 months after medication
Oral Contraceptive induced changes in average mood during transition phase
Timeframe: Over the course of three months regularly (30 times in total), about 5 minutes per day