COVID-19 has significantly impacted sports globally, with event postponements, training disruptions, and wide-ranging concerns. SARS-CoV-2 infection can result in hyperinflammation and cardiopulmonary changes, with hypoxia as an aggravating sign. Hypoxia triggers complex immunometabolic mechanisms, including activation of HIF-1α and induction of HLA-G expression. Hypoxia training protocols benefit aerobic capacity and sports performance, with potential immunological impact. Studying immunometabolic markers in this context can improve athletic preparation and athletes' general health.
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Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 alpha (HIF-1a)
Timeframe: Before, just after and 4 weeks after the training program
Human Leukocyte Antigen-G (HLA-G)
Timeframe: Before, just after and 4 weeks after the training program
Cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-8 and IFN-γ)
Timeframe: Before, just after and 4 weeks after the training program
Plasma levels of eicosanoids, endocannabinoids, steroid hormones, sphingolipids, ceramides and other glycerophospholipids
Timeframe: Before, just after and 4 weeks after the training program
Hematological indicators (hematocrit, hemoglobin and cell count)
Timeframe: Before, just after and 4 weeks after the training program
Ventilatory thresholds and maximum oxygen consumption
Timeframe: Before, just after and 4 weeks after the training program
Blood lactate concentrations
Timeframe: Before, just after and 4 weeks after the training program
Muscle oximetry
Timeframe: Before, just after and 4 weeks after the training program
Peak force
Timeframe: Before, just after and 4 weeks after the training program