The goal of this observational study is to investigate how adverse experiences during childhood are linked to people experiencing persistent pain and fatigue in adulthood. The questions the investigators aim to answer are: 1. Does participant-reported childhood adversity predict levels of IL-6 and TNF-α after in vitro provocation of whole blood using endotoxin? 2. Do levels of IL-6 and TNF-α after in vitro immune provocation using endotoxin predict vulnerability to persistent pain and fatigue after in vivo immune provocation (tetravalent influenza vaccine)? 3. Do levels of IL-6 and TNF-α after in vitro immune provocation using endotoxin predict vulnerability to persistent pain and fatigue after in vivo neural provocation? For this study, the investigators will recruit and enrol 96 healthy human adults (18 - 65 years old) with a range of adverse experiences during childhood. Participants will attend 2 study sessions during which the investigators will take a sample of blood, assess pressure pain threshold before and after cold water immersion, assess heart rate variability, and assess the surface area of secondary skin hypersensitivity after electrical stimulation. At the end of the first session, participants will receive the influenza vaccination.
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Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short form
Timeframe: Baseline
Provoked inflammatory response
Timeframe: Baseline
Secondary hypersensitivity (surface area)
Timeframe: 30 minutes, 45 minutes and 60 minutes after the high-frequency electrical stimulation (neural provocation)
Conditioned pain modulation
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 hours after the influenza vaccine (immune provocation).
Temporal summation
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 hours after the influenza vaccine (immune provocation).