The goal of this multi-site observational cohort study is to link electronic health records (EHR) with novel data sources to examine insurance instability and its association with all-cause and overdose mortality in adult patients who received medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). The main objectives of the study are: * Objective 1. Perform data linkage of a cohort of patients who received MOUD with the National Death Index using a probabilistic algorithm for matching records to ascertain fact and cause of death relative to treatment and insurance status. * Objective 2: Assess the association of insurance instability and risk of death, including all-cause mortality and drug- and alcohol-related overdose mortality.
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All-cause mortality
Timeframe: January 1, 2012 - December 31, 2022
Drug and alcohol-related overdose mortality
Timeframe: January 1, 2012 - December 31, 2022