Physical activity and dairy consumption during growth and development are each known to improve peak bone mass in young adults. Peak bone mass, the maximum amount of bone a person will have in their lifetime, is typically reached in the early 20's in females and late 20's in males. However, evidence suggests that young people do not consume enough dairy to maximize their bone mass. The resulting effect in peak bone mass can be troublesome, particularly for athletes, such as volleyball players. This study aims to determine whether increased dairy consumption combined with training can have an additive effect on the physiology of young competitive athletes. Specifically, we will examine whether Greek yogurt consumption will lead to beneficial changes in bone metabolism and inflammation, in adolescent and young adult, male and female athletes, similar to those observed with whey protein supplementation. Many athletes choose exclusively protein supplementation and miss out on other nutrients vital for healthy growth and development. By examining the benefits of Greek yogurt across different athlete age groups and sexes, this work will help reshape the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours surrounding diet of young athletes.
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Osteocalcin
Timeframe: Baseline (week 0)
Osteocalcin
Timeframe: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Osteocalcin
Timeframe: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Osteocalcin
Timeframe: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP)
Timeframe: Baseline (week 0)
Amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP)
Timeframe: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP)
Timeframe: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP)
Timeframe: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
Timeframe: Baseline (week 0)
Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
Timeframe: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
Timeframe: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
Timeframe: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
C-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX)
Timeframe: Baseline (week 0)
C-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX)
Timeframe: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
C-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX)
Timeframe: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
C-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX)
Timeframe: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Sclerostin
Timeframe: Baseline (week 0)
Sclerostin
Timeframe: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Sclerostin
Timeframe: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Sclerostin
Timeframe: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Î’ ligand (RANKL)
Timeframe: Baseline (week 0)
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Î’ ligand (RANKL)
Timeframe: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Î’ ligand (RANKL)
Timeframe: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Î’ ligand (RANKL)
Timeframe: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Timeframe: Baseline (week 0)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Timeframe: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Timeframe: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Timeframe: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Interleukin-6 (IL6)
Timeframe: Baseline (week 0)
Interleukin-6 (IL6)
Timeframe: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Interleukin-6 (IL6)
Timeframe: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Interleukin-6 (IL6)
Timeframe: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Interleukin-10 (IL10)
Timeframe: Baseline (week 0)
Interleukin-10 (IL10)
Timeframe: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Interleukin-10 (IL10)
Timeframe: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Interleukin-10 (IL10)
Timeframe: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)
Timeframe: Baseline (week 0)
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)
Timeframe: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)
Timeframe: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)
Timeframe: Completion of intervention period (week 24)