The study aims to explore the effectiveness of neurofeedback training on improving attention and inhibitory control of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Hong Kong. This study will contribute to the current understanding of the alternative treatments for ADHD, and hopefully help to mobilize more resources to support children with ADHD. The programme includes the following components: Participants will be randomly assigned to the neurofeedback training group (with virtual reality \[VR\] technology applied), the computerized cognitive training group, or the waitlist control group. All participants will complete a total of 16 training sessions in 8 weeks (twice a week), and each session will last around 35 to 60 mins. To investigate the intervention effectiveness, children will be asked to complete a set of cognitive tests covering inhibitory control, attention, and working memory prior to the intervention (i.e., Time 1), immediately after the 8-week training (i.e., Time 2), and 2 months after the training (i.e., Time 3, a 2-month follow up). The assessment will take around 1 hour and it will be conducted at the laboratory at the University of Hong Kong. Also, parents and teachers will be asked to complete a questionnaire assessing children's behaviours at home and schools at 3 timepoints.
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Conners Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition (CPT 3)
Timeframe: Pre-intervention Assessment (within 4 weeks before the commencement of the intervention)
Conners Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition (CPT 3)
Timeframe: Immediate Post-intervention Assessment (within 4 weeks after the completion of the intervention)
Conners Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition (CPT 3)
Timeframe: Delayed Post-intervention Assessment (a 2-month follow up after the completion of the intervention)
Number subtest of Children's Memory Scale (CMS)
Timeframe: Pre-intervention Assessment (within 4 weeks before the commencement of the intervention)
Number subtest of Children's Memory Scale (CMS)
Timeframe: Immediate Post-intervention Assessment (within 4 weeks after the completion of the intervention)
Number subtest of Children's Memory Scale (CMS)
Timeframe: Delayed Post-intervention Assessment (a 2-month follow up after the completion of the intervention)
Opposite Worlds subtest of the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-CH)
Timeframe: Pre-intervention Assessment (within 4 weeks before the commencement of the intervention)
Opposite Worlds subtest of the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-CH)
Timeframe: Immediate Post-intervention Assessment (within 4 weeks after the completion of the intervention)
Opposite Worlds subtest of the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-CH)
Timeframe: Delayed Post-intervention Assessment (a 2-month follow up after the completion of the intervention)
Creature Counting subtest of the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-CH)
Timeframe: Pre-intervention Assessment (within 4 weeks before the commencement of the intervention)
Creature Counting subtest of the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-CH)
Timeframe: Immediate Post-intervention Assessment (within 4 weeks after the completion of the intervention)
Creature Counting subtest of the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-CH)
Timeframe: Delayed Post-intervention Assessment (a 2-month follow up after the completion of the intervention)
Functional NIRS
Timeframe: Pre-intervention Assessment (within 4 weeks before the commencement of the intervention)
Functional NIRS
Timeframe: Up to 8 to 10 weeks (within the intervention period)
Functional NIRS
Timeframe: Immediate Post-intervention Assessment (within 4 weeks after the completion of the intervention)
Functional NIRS
Timeframe: Delayed Post-intervention Assessment (a 2-month follow up after the completion of the intervention)