Operant Conditioning of Sensory Brain Responses to Reduce Phantom Limb Pain in People With Limb Amputation

Inclusion Criteria: * An upper (or lower limb) amputation more than 6 months ago, that has produced a moderate to severe hand/arm (or foot/leg) phantom limb pain, * Male or female age 18 years or older, * Medical clearance to participate, * Reasonable expectation that ongoing medications, if any, will be maintained without change for at least 4 months from the start of the study, * Able to provide informed consent and to understand the study instructions, * Able to participate in the specific study procedures. Exclusion Criteria: * Presence of other medically unstable and/or infectious condition (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes with recent weight loss, diabetic coma, frequent insulin reactions), * A cardiac condition (e.g., history of myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure), * Cognitive and/or attention difficulties affecting participant's ability to follow study directions, * Known skin disorders or damaged skin at the anticipated at the scalp for EEG recording (e.g., unhealed wounds, broken skin). * Metal implants above the chest