Adding cottonseed oil to the diet has been shown to improve cholesterol profiles and other markers of chronic disease risk in both healthy and at-risk adults. However, CSO has only been tested in the context of high-fat diets. The goal of this clinical trial is to learn about the health effects of lower amounts of cottonseed oil (CSO) added to the diet in adults at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. The main questions it aims to answer are: * How do different amounts of CSO in the diet affect fasting cholesterol profiles and markers of liver function? * How do different amounts of CSO in the diet affect fasting and post-meal markers of lipid metabolism (i.e. triglycerides) and glycemic control (i.e. blood sugar and insulin)? * How do different amounts of CSO in the diet affect fasting and post-meal markers of chronic disease risk factors such as oxidative stress, inflammation, coagulation potential, and appetite control? Participants will be asked to: * Consume provided breakfast shakes and snacks daily for 28-days. * Attend three weekly short visits for fasting blood draws, body measurements, and collect the next week of study materials. * Attend two longer (5.5 h) testing visits which include eating a standardized breakfast meal and having blood drawn periodically before and after breakfast. Researchers will compare CSO LOW, CSO MID, CSO HIGH, and Control groups (receiving a mixture of oils) to see if lower doses of CSO in the diet impart the same health benefits as previously shown with high doses of CSO.
See this in plain English?
AI-rewrites the medical criteria so a patient or caregiver can understand them. Always confirm with the trial site.
Change in fasting serum lipoprotein and cholesterol concentrations
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks
Change in fasting serum lipoprotein particle numbers
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma triglyceride concentrations
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma glucose concentrations
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma insulin concentrations
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma appetite control hormones concentrations
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks
Change in fasting and postprandial subjective feelings related to appetite
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma total antioxidant capacity
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma inflammatory cytokine concentrations
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma markers of coagulation potential
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks
Change in fasting insulin resistance metrics
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks