The goal of this clinical trial was to identify if duration of acute calorie restriction (CR)/fasting or combination CR with cold stimuli have any effects on mental and physical health-related markers, and to clarify if different fasting strategies have any effect on cognitive and motor functioning efficiency in different genders. The main questions it aims to answer were: * Does fasting duration have any effect on fasting evoked responses? * Does cold interventions can modulate fasting evoked responses? * Does sex have any effect on acute fasting evoked responses? For the first part, participants were randomly classified into 4 groups: two experimental groups: 2-days of CR (0 kcal diet) and 6-days of CR (0 kcal diet), and two control groups: 2-days or 6-days usual diet. For the second part, participants were randomly assigned to undergo the following conditions: 2-days of CR with two 10-min whole-body cold-water immersions on separate days, 2-days of CR without cold-water immersion, 2-days without CR with two 10-min whole-body cold-water immersions on separate days, or 2-days of the usual diet without cold-water immersion in a randomized crossover fashion. Changes in anthropometric characteristics, perceived stress, metabolism, overall health (total blood count, sex hormones, etc.), psycho-emotional state, cognitive and motor functions were examined.
Age range
18 Years – 40 Years
Sex
ALL
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Change in body mass and body composition (kg)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in body mass index (kg/m2)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in substrate oxidation
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in energy expenditure (kcal/day)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in body temperature (°C)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in heart rate variability (ms)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in heart rate variability (time domain) (ms)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in heart rate variability (time domain) (Ln)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in heart rate variability (frequency domain) (ms2)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in heart rate variability (frequency domain) (Ln)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in heart rate variability (frequency domain) (nu)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in heart rate (bpm)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in blood pressure (mmHg)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in perceived stress
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in appetite sensations
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in mood state
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in venous complete blood count (10^9/L)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in venous complete blood count (%)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in serum female sex hormones concentration (pg/mL)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in serum female sex hormones concentration (mIU/ml)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration (pg/ml)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in serum interleukin-10 concentration (pg/ml)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in serum insulin concentration (μIU/ml)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in serum glucagon concentration (pg/ml)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in plasma catecholamines concentration (ng/ml)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in plasma malondialdehyde concentration (nmol/ml)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48, 84 and 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in plasma total antioxidant capacity (mmol/l)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48, 84 and 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in venous glucose concentration (mmol/l)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in insulin sensitivity
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in plasma metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (μm)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in salivary cortisol concentration (µg/dl)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in salivary testosterone concentration (µg/dl)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in capillary lipid profile (mmol/l)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in manual dexterity performance (sec)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in information processing (μV)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in information processing (ms)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in brain neural network activity (µV2)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in cognitive performance (ms)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in cognitive performance (%)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in reflexes (mV)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in reflexes (ms)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in muscle activity (mV)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in muscle activity (Hz)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in voluntary torque (Nm)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in involuntary torque (Nm)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in muscle contraction and relaxation (ms)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in central activation ratio (%)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in reactive strength
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in jump performance (cm)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery
Change in jump performance (m/s)
Timeframe: Pre-condition, 48 or 144 hours post-condition, and 1 week after recovery