Dry immersion (DI) is a ground-based model of prolonged conditions of simulated microgravity. Dry immersion involves immersing the subject in water covered with an elastic waterproof fabric. As a result, the immersed subject, who is freely suspended in the water mass, remains dry. Within a relatively short duration, the model can faithfully reproduce most physiological effects of actual microgravity, including centralization of body fluids, support unloading, and hypokinesia. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the physiological effects of 5 days of dry immersion in 20 healthy male subjects, and to obtain DI-in-Men Reference Dataset. A set of measurements will assess the changes in the cardiovascular, neuro-ophthalmological, hematological, metabolic, sensorimotor, immune, muscle and bone systems.
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Change in orthostatic tolerance
Timeframe: At baseline and five days of 5 days of dry immersion
Change in peak aerobic power (VO2max test)
Timeframe: At baseline and the first day of recovery
Change in plasma volume
Timeframe: At baseline and five days of dry immersion
Change in fluid shift distribution towards the cardiac and cephalic region
Timeframe: At baseline, the first day to quantify the short term effect and the fifth day of dry-immersion to quantify the long term effect of fluid shift
Change in vascular endothelium integrity
Timeframe: At baseline and during the five days of the dry-immersion period
Change in circadian rhythms of blood pressure
Timeframe: At baseline and during the five days of the dry-immersion period
Change in lower limb veins functions
Timeframe: At baseline and four days of dry-immersion and one day of recovery
Change in body fluid compartments by bioelectrical impedance analysis
Timeframe: At baseline and during five days of dry-immersion
Change in muscle strength
Timeframe: Before dry immersion and after one day of recovery
Change in muscle fatigue
Timeframe: Before dry immersion and after one day of recovery
Change in muscle volume at calf level
Timeframe: At baseline and five days of dry-immersion
Change in contraction time
Timeframe: At baseline and five days of dry immersion
Change in serum bone formation markers
Timeframe: At baseline and during the 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in serum bone resorption markers
Timeframe: At baseline and during the 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in serum cartilage synthesis biomarkers
Timeframe: At baseline and during the 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in serum cartilage degradation biomarkers
Timeframe: At baseline and during the 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in urine cartilage degradation biomarkers
Timeframe: At baseline and during the 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
Timeframe: At baseline and 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in nitrogen balance
Timeframe: At baseline and 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in fat and lean body mass measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
Timeframe: At baseline and 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in glucose tolerance (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test)
Timeframe: At baseline and 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in Core temperature
Timeframe: At baseline and during the 5 days of dry immersion
Change in height
Timeframe: Before, during and after the 5 days of dry immersion
Change in mid cerebral artery (MCA) blood flow velocity
Timeframe: At baseline and 5 days of dry immersion
Change in mood
Timeframe: Before, during and after 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in affective states
Timeframe: Before, during and after 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in sleep quality
Timeframe: Before, during and after 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in psychological state: mental health
Timeframe: Before, during and after 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in coping strategies
Timeframe: Before, during and after 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in cerebral autoregulation
Timeframe: At baseline and 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in Intra Cranial Pressure (ICP)
Timeframe: At baseline, during and after 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) considered as an indirect marker for intracranial pressure (ICP) estimation
Timeframe: At baseline, during and after 5 days of dry-immersion
Change in the optic nerve fibers thickness
Timeframe: At baseline and five days of dry-immersion
Change in intraocular pressure (IOP)
Timeframe: At baseline, during and after five days of dry-immersion
Change in visual acuity
Timeframe: At baseline and five days of dry-immersion
Change in visual field
Timeframe: At baseline and five days of dry-immersion
Change in the anatomical characteristics of the eye (optical biometry)
Timeframe: At baseline and five days of dry-immersion
Change in the central corneal thickness
Timeframe: At baseline and five days of dry-immersion
Change in the retina by non-mydriatic fundus retinography
Timeframe: At baseline and five days of dry-immersion
Change in the cornea topography
Timeframe: At baseline and five days of dry-immersion
Change in cerebral structures and in venous circulation of the brain by MRI
Timeframe: At baseline and five days of dry-immersion
Change in walking balance
Timeframe: At baseline and the first day of recovery
Change in standing balance
Timeframe: At baseline and the first day of recovery
Change in motion sickness susceptibility
Timeframe: At baseline, during and after 5 days of dry immersion
Change in thrombotic and fibrinolytic processes
Timeframe: Before, during and after 5 days of dry immersion
Change in respiratory volumes
Timeframe: At baseline, the 1st day of dry immersion and following 5 days of dry immersion
Change in respiratory flows
Timeframe: At baseline, the 1st day of dry immersion and following 5 days of dry immersion