Testing the Addition of an Anti-cancer Drug, Selinexor, to the Usual Chemotherapy Treatment (Temozolomide) for Brain Tumors That Have Returned After Previous Treatment

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients must have histologically confirmed glioblastoma (IDH wild-type, MGMT promoter methylated) that has undergone resection or biopsy upon first recurrence. Recurrence at site of prior involvement is defined by histopathological evidence of viable neoplastic cells associated with any of the following: mitotic activity, increased proliferation rate, micro-endothelial proliferation, or pseudo-palisading necrosis * Prior to resection or biopsy, patients must have measurable disease, defined as at least one bi-dimensional contrast-enhancing lesion with clearly defined margins, with 2 perpendicular diameters of at least 10 mm, visible on \>= 2 axial slices * Patients must have received first-line treatment of temozolomide plus radiotherapy * Patients must not have received any prior therapy aside from resection or biopsy for their recurrent disease * Age \>= 18 years. Because no dosing or adverse event data are currently available on the use of selinexor (KPT-330) in combination with temozolomide in patients \< 18 years of age, children are excluded from this study * Karnofsky performance status \>= 60% (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group \[ECOG\] =\< 2) * Absolute neutrophil count \>= 1,500/mcL * Platelets \>= 100,000/mcL * Hemoglobin \>= 10 g/dL * Total bilirubin =\< 2 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) * Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase \[SGOT\])/alanine transaminase (ALT) (serum glutamic-pyruvic trans…