The implementation of virtual reality (VR) and robotic devices in neuromotor rehabilitation has so far provided promising evidence in terms of efficacy throughout different clinical populations. Positive changes in patient's motor and functional outcomes were reported along with an increased autonomy in the activities of daily living (ADLs) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The experience of use of these technological devices and their impact on the cognitive and psychosocial outcomes remain still unclear, though. Adopting a biopsychosocial approach, the present two-arm, parallel, non-randomized prospective quasi-experimental study protocol aims to explore the short- and long-term effectiveness of robot-assisted therapy (RAT) and of VR-based neuromotor rehabilitation. Pre-post intervention effects will be estimated and compared between a group of patients undergoing conventional treatment and another group additionally participating in technology-based rehabilitation. The evaluation will include patient's functional status (ie, motor functionality, autonomy in ADLs, risk of falls), cognitive functioning (ie, attention and executive functions), HRQoL, and psychological aspects (ie, anxiety and depression symptoms, quality of life satisfaction). After the treatment, devices usability and experience of use, along with the related psychosocial impact will be also assessed.
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Short-term changes in Modified Barthel Index (MBI)
Timeframe: From baseline (T0) to 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Short-term changes in Functional Independence Measure (FIM)
Timeframe: From baseline (T0) to 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Short-term changes in Timed Up & Go Test (TUG)
Timeframe: From baseline (T0) to 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Short-term changes in Morse Fall Scale (MFS)
Timeframe: From baseline (T0) to 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Short-term changes in Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
Timeframe: From baseline (T0) to 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Short-term changes in Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT, oral version)
Timeframe: From baseline (T0) to 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Short-term changes in Trail Making Test (TMT)
Timeframe: From baseline (T0) to 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Short-term changes in Stroop Colour Word Test
Timeframe: From baseline (T0) to 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Short-term changes in Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB)
Timeframe: From baseline (T0) to 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Short-term changes in Phonemic Verbal Fluency Test
Timeframe: From baseline (T0) to 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Short-term changes in EuroQoL-VAS (EQ-VAS)
Timeframe: From baseline (T0) to 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Short-term changes in Short Form Health Survey-12 (SF-12)
Timeframe: From baseline (T0) to 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Short-term changes in Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
Timeframe: From baseline (T0) to 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Short-term changes in Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
Timeframe: From baseline (T0) to 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Short-term changes in The Satisfaction-Profile (SAT-P)
Timeframe: From baseline (T0) to 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Client-Centred Rehabilitation Questionnaire (CCRQ)
Timeframe: 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
The Experience in Technology-based Rehabilitation Schedule (ExTR)
Timeframe: 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Device Scale (PIADS)
Timeframe: 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
System Usability Scale (SUS)
Timeframe: 4 weeks of rehabilitation (T1)
Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL)
Timeframe: 6-month telephone follow-up (T2)
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)
Timeframe: 6-month telephone follow-up (T2)
The telephone-based version of the MoCA (T-MoCA)
Timeframe: 6-month telephone follow-up (T2)
Long-term changes in EuroQoL-VAS (EQ-VAS)
Timeframe: 6-month telephone follow-up (T2)
Long-term changes in Short Form Health Survey-12 (SF-12)
Timeframe: 6-month telephone follow-up (T2)
Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4)
Timeframe: 6-month telephone follow-up (T2)