The Therapeutic Effects of Bu Shen Yi Jing Pill on Semen Quality in Sub Fertile Males: a Randomized Controlled Trial

Inclusion Criteria: * Duration of subfertility (both primary and secondary) ≥ 1 year; * Any or combination of the three abnormal semen parameters, defined according to the 2010 WHO criteria, including * Oligozoospermia, with sperm concentration less than 15 x 10\^6, * Teratozoospermia, with normal sperm morphology less than 4%, and * Asthenozoospermia, with total sperm motility less than 40%, or progressive sperm motility less than 32%. * Diagnosed with TCM syndrome of Kidney Deficiency Based on a prominent TCM diagnosis textbook known as TCM Diagnostics, the main symptoms patients need to fulfil for Kidney Deficiency are either nocturnal polyuria or lower back pain. In addition, patients need to fulfil any 1 of the secondary symptoms, including fatigue; dizziness; tinnitus or deafness; memory loss; excessive urination; low libido; wet dreams; premature ejaculation; presence of feverish palms and soles or night sweats; dry mouth or throat; cold intolerance or preference for warmth; poor sleep quality. Presence of both 1 main symptom and 1 secondary symptom allows for the diagnosis of the Kidney Deficiency syndrome. Patients who meet all three criteria mentioned above will be included in the study. Exclusion Criteria: * Azoospermia and severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia; * Aspermia; * Varicocele; * Recent urogenital infections; * Y chromosome deletions; * Abnormal karyotypes * History of chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy; * Patients on fertility supplements or sup…