Clinical Significance of Subclinical Myocardial Involvement in Recovered COVID-19 Patients Using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Inclusion Criteria: • Recovered COVID-19 patients Definition of recovered COVID-19 patient: * COVID-19 diagnosis = established by a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 \[SARS-CoV2\] and recovered from COVID-19. * Recovery = based on two criteria: (1) two negative nasopharyngeal swab RT-PCR results \>24 hours apart and (2) absence of fever and improvement in respiratory symptoms. * Recovered non-COVID-19 patients with viral respiratory infections confirmed with viral polymerase chain reaction testing AND with a confirmed negative COVID-19 RT-PCR test. * Age and gender matched controls with no cardiac risk factors, not on cardiac medications, no history of myocardial infarction, heart failure or myocarditis, negative COVID-19 RT-PCR test and negative COVID-19 antibodies test. * Vaccination controls who planning to receive a 2-dose COVID-19 vaccine, with no history of myocardial infarction, heart failure or myocarditis AND with a confirmed negative COVID-19 RT-PCR test. Exclusion Criteria: * Previous myocardial infarction or myocarditis unrelated to COVID-19 infection * History of heart failure unrelated to COVID-19 infection * Presence of pacemakers or implantable cardiac defibrillators * Any contraindication for CMR testing * Renal impairment with eGFR \<45ml/min/1.73m2 * Limited life expectancy \<1 year, for example due to pulmonary disease, cancer or significant hepatic failure * Re…