The study aims to explore the effectiveness of working memory training and social emotional training for young children with ADHD in Hong Kong. This study will contribute to the current understanding of the alternative treatments for ADHD, and hopefully help to mobilize more resources to be dedicated to the support of children with ADHD. The programme includes the following components: Children participating in this study will be randomly allocated into experimental group - recieving working memory training, active control group - receiving social-emotional training, and waitlist control group. All participants will complete a 5-week online training using a digital device at home, three times a week, each training session lasts for about 15 minutes. Moreover, children's cognitive abilities and academic performance will be assessed prior to the intervention, and immediately after the 5-week training. Each assessment session lasts for about 45 minutes. Parents will also be asked to fill out a questionnaire on children's behaviours at home and school prior to and after the 5-week program. It takes about no more than 10 minutes. All assessments will be conducted at the laboratory at the University of Hong Kong. Children's working memory, time perception, ADHD symptoms, and early academic performance will be measured before and after training, and the between-group performance will be compared to examine the training effects.
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verbal working memory (CMS- digit span)
Timeframe: 5 weeks, immediately after the intervention
verbal working memory(CMS-digit span)
Timeframe: before the intervention
non-verbal working memory(CMS - picture location)
Timeframe: 5 weeks, immediately after the intervention
nonverbal working memory(CMS - picture location)
Timeframe: before the intervention
Time perception: time discrimination
Timeframe: before the intervention
Time perception: time discrimination
Timeframe: 5 weeks, immediately after the intervention
Time perception: time reproduction
Timeframe: before the intervention
Time perception: time reproduction
Timeframe: 5 weeks, immediately after the intervention
Time perception: time production
Timeframe: before the intervention
Time perception: time production
Timeframe: 5 weeks, immediately after the intervention
Emotion situation knowledge measures.
Timeframe: before the intervention
Emotion situation knowledge measures.
Timeframe: 5 weeks, immediately after the intervention
Theory of mind (ToM)
Timeframe: before intervention
Theory of mind (ToM)
Timeframe: 5 weeks, immediately after the intervention
Working Memory Behavioural Manisfetation
Timeframe: 5 weeks, immediately after the intervention
Working Memory Behavioural Manisfetation
Timeframe: before the intervention