Analgesics in the Pre-hospital Setting: Implications on Hemorrhage Tolerance - Sufentanil

Inclusion Criteria: * 18-45 years of age * Healthy * Non-obese (body mass index less than 30 kg/m2) * Body mass greater than or equal to 65 kg * Speak English Exclusion Criteria: * Subjects not in the defined age range * Subjects who have cardiac, respiratory, neurological and/or metabolic illnesses * Any known history of renal or hepatic insufficiency/disease * Pregnancy or breast feeding * Body mass less than 65 kg * Current smokers, as well as individuals who regularly smoked within the past 3 years * Subjects who cannot speak or read English * Positive urine drug screen * Currently taking pain modifying medication(s)