CBL0137 for the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Solid Tumors, Including CNS Tumors and Lymphoma

Inclusion Criteria: * Parts A and B: Patients must be \>= 12 months and =\< 21 years of age at the time of study enrollment * Patients must have had histologic verification of malignancy at original diagnosis or relapse, except in patients with diffuse intrinsic brain stem tumors, or patients with pineal tumors and elevations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum tumor markers, including alpha-fetoprotein or beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) * Part A: Patients with relapsed or refractory solid tumors or lymphoma, including patients with CNS tumors or known CNS metastases (including untreated or progressive) are eligible * Part B: Patients with progressive or recurrent DIPG (diagnosed by biopsy or imaging characteristics) and other H3 K27-altered DMG previously treated with radiation therapy * Part A: Patients must have either measurable or evaluable disease * Part B: Patients must have measurable disease * Patient's current disease state must be one for which there is no known curative therapy or therapy proven to prolong survival with an acceptable quality of life * Patients must have a performance status corresponding to Easter Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scores of 0, 1 or 2. Use Karnofsky for patients \> 16 years of age and Lansky for patients =\< 16 years of age. Patients must have a Karnofsky or Lansky score \>= 50% * Patients must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior anti-cancer therapy and must meet the following minimum dura…