An observational cohort study to show the effect of parents' presence beside their infants, skin-to-skin contact (SCC), participation in infant care, or any interaction with their infants on parents' and infants' short- and long-term outcomes. Investigators create a hypothesis that longer parents' presence, SCC, participation in infant care, and any interaction with their infants affect outcomes of infants and parents by preventing parents' depression and promoting parent-infant bonding and, in addition, by shortening the length of stay, promoting growth, promoting establishment breastfeeding, and improving developmental outcomes. Parents are asked to make a record of the length of their presence, SCC, participation in infant care, and any interaction with their infants, which are quantitative measurements of family centered care (FCC). Investigators also collect the data related to the background information of the family, delivery, the clinical course of infants, and the outcome measures of the infants and parents. No intervention is included in this research. The study setting is a level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Nagano Children's Hospital in Nagano, Japan. Eligible infants are those who are born at 34 weeks of gestation or earlier from Japanese parents in Nagano Children's Hospital and need admission into NICU in the same hospital. Infants are excluded from this study if they have any major anomalies including suspicion of chromosomal disorder on admission, if at least one parent is Not Japanese, or if they do not survive until discharge home. The primary outcomes are the EPDS and Japanese version of Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS-J) of the parents. The secondary outcomes are the followings; (1) length of stay (days), (2) physical measurements at 36 weeks (g or cm) and growth rate from birth to discharge home (g or cm /d), (3) breastmilk-feeding (exclusive, partial, or no breast milk) and the frequency of breastfeeding directly from breast at 36 weeks PMA and at discharge (average frequency per day), and for the infants whose birth weight \<1500g only, (4) developmental quotient (DQ) at 6 and 18 months of corrected age, and 3 years old assessed by Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development (KSPD).
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AI-rewrites the medical criteria so a patient or caregiver can understand them. Always confirm with the trial site.
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) of mother 1
Timeframe: 2 weeks postpartum.
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) of mother 2
Timeframe: 4 weeks postpartum.
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) of mother 3
Timeframe: At discharge of the infant, an average of 2 months postpartum.
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) of father 1
Timeframe: Within 1 month postpartum.
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) of father 2
Timeframe: At discharge of the infant, an average of 2 months postpartum.
Japanese version of Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS-J) for mother 1
Timeframe: 2 weeks postpartum.
Japanese version of Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS-J) for mother 2
Timeframe: 4 weeks postpartum.
Japanese version of Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS-J) for mother 3
Timeframe: At discharge of the infant, an average of 2 months postpartum.
Japanese version of Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS-J) for father 1
Timeframe: Within 1 month postpartum.
Japanese version of Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS-J) for father 2
Timeframe: At discharge of the infant, an average of 2 months postpartum.