Comparative Study of Gene-activated Bone Substitute and Autobone in Treatment of Long Bone Nonunions

Inclusion Criteria: * traumatic isolated closed or open Gustilo I and II, IIIA and IIIB humerus, tibial or femur diaphyseal or metaphysodiaphyseal fracture with a status of atrophic, oligotrophic or normotrophic non-union; * signed voluntary informed consent Exclusion Criteria: * hypertrophic non-union; * disability or unwillingness to give a voluntary informed consent or follow requirements of the clinical trial; * segmental bone loss requiring specific therapy (bone transport, vascularized graft, large structural allograft, megaprosthesis, etc); * other fractures causing interference with weight bearing; * visceral injuries or diseases interfering with callus formation (severe cranioencephalic trauma, etc.); * unrecovered vascular or neural injury; * infection of any location and aetiology; * pregnancy, breast feeding women and women who are of childbearing age and not practicing adequate birth control; * malignant tumour (past history or concurrent disease); * history of bone harvesting on iliac crest contraindicating new iliac crest bone graft harvesting or bone marrow collection; * conditions limiting study compliance (e.g., dementia, psycho-neurological diseases, drug addiction, and alcoholism); * medication affecting bone turnover (oral bisphosphonates, PTH, sodium fluoride, strontium ranelate, calcitonin, testosterone, systemic cortico- or anabolic steroids)