Neuroimaging Study of Dexmedetomidine-Induced Analgesia

Inclusion Criteria: * Between the ages of 18 to 45 * Normal body weight and habitus, BMI ≤ 30 * Non-smoker * American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification P1 * Active health insurance coverage * Fully vaccinated against COVID-19 Exclusion Criteria: * Cardiovascular: myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, valvular disease, hypertension * Respiratory: bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking, shortness of breath * Hepatic: hepatitis, jaundice, ascites * Neurologic: seizure, stroke, positive neurologic findings on neurologic examination, multiple sclerosis, Meniere's disease, Parkinson's disease, neuropathy, peripheral stenosis * Gastrointestinal: esophageal reflux, hiatal hernia, ulcer * Endocrine: diabetes, thyroid disease * Renal: acute or chronic severe renal insufficiency * Hematologic: blood dyscrasias, anemia, coagulopathies, on anticoagulant therapy * Musculoskeletal: prior surgery or trauma to head neck or face, arthritis, personal or family history of malignant hyperthermia * Psychiatric: history or treatment for an active psychiatric problem, depression * Reproductive: pregnancy, breast-feeding * Medications: regular use of prescription and non-prescription medications expected to affect CNS function, St. John's Wort * Allergies: dexmedetomidine, ondansetron, glycopyrrolate, phenylephrine * Dermatologic: ulcerative skin conditions or other derm…