The study employs two-sub-studies that share a common placebo arm. The objective of one sub-study is to assess the impact of metformin on pravastatin and chenodeoxycholic acid pharmacokinetics. We hypothesize that metformin represses the bile salt export pump (BSEP) in the liver, which excretes pravastatin and chenodeoxycholic acid from the liver into the bile. The objective of the other sub-study is to assess the impact of polysorbate 80 on valacyclovir, chenodeoxycholic acid, and enalaprilat pharmacokinetics. We hypothesize that polysorbate 80 inhibits uptake transporters in the intestine, which absorb valacyclovir and chenodeoxycholic acid in the gut via the peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) and apical sodium-bile acid transporter (ASBT), respectively. Enalaprilat is passively absorbed but with low permeability, and thus serves as a passive absorption reference.
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Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC) of Pravastatin After Metformin
Timeframe: 0-10 hours
Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Pravastatin After Metformin
Timeframe: 0-10 hours
Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC) of Chenodeoxycholic Acid After Metformin
Timeframe: 0-10 hours
Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Chenodeoxycholic Acid After Metformin
Timeframe: 0-10 hours
Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC) of Acyclovir After Polysorbate 80
Timeframe: 0-10 hours
Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Acyclovir After Polysorbate 80
Timeframe: 0-10 hours
Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC) of Chenodeoxycholic Acid (CDCA) After Polysorbate 80
Timeframe: 0-10 hours
Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Chenodeoxycholic Acid (CDCA) After Polysorbate 80
Timeframe: 0-10 hours
Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC) of Enalaprilat After Polysorbate 80
Timeframe: 0-10 hours
Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Enalaprilat After Polysorbate 80
Timeframe: 0-10 hours