NBTXR3, Chemotherapy, and Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of Esophageal Cancer

Inclusion Criteria: * Biopsy proven adenocarcinoma of the cervical or thoracic esophagus or gastroesophageal junction * Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus stages II-III allowed * Medically able to receive chemoradiation. Following chemotherapy regimens are allowed: * Oxaliplatin and fluorouracil (5-FU) or capecitabine * Docetaxel and/or 5-FU or paclitaxel * Carboplatin and paclitaxel * Amenable to undergo the endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guided injection of NBTXR3 as determined by the investigator or treating physician * Patients with lesions for which the EUS scope is not able to traverse the tumor are allowed on this trial as long as an injection can be performed as per treating physician's discretion * Has at least 1 and up to 4 target lesion(s) in the esophagus that are measurable on cross sectional imaging and repeated measurements (via Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors \[RECIST\] version \[v\] 1.1) at the same anatomical location should be achievable * Local nodal disease around the esophagus allowed * Nodal target lesions must be \>= 15 mm (short axis) based on computed tomography (CT) (slice thickness of 5 mm or less) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-2 * Hemoglobin \>= 8.0 g/dL * Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \>= 1,500/mm\^3 * Platelet count \>= 100,000/mm\^3 * Creatinine =\< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) * Calculated (Calc.) creatinine clearance \> 30 mL/min * Glomerular …