Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Methadone Maintenance Therapy Combined With Methamphetamine Abuse

Inclusion Criteria: * aged 18-65 years * a diagnosis of OUD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and current enrollment in MMT * a diagnosis of methamphetamine (MA) use disorder according to the DSM-5 * four or more positive methamphetamine urine tests within a 4-week period * no concurrent medication treatment except for methadone * an education level of junior high school or higher * normal vision and hearing Exclusion Criteria: * severe physical or neurological conditions requiring active treatment (e.g., stroke, seizure, or traumatic brain injury) * use of cognition-enhancing medications within the past 6 months * other substance use disorders (excluding nicotine dependence) in recent five years * comorbid severe psychiatric disorders (e.g., bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or major depressive disorder) * pregnancy or lactation among female participants * contraindications for iTBS, such as implanted devices (e.g., pacemakers, cochlear implants, neurostimulators) or intraocular metal fragments