Testing the Combination of MLN4924 (Pevonedistat), Carboplatin, and Paclitaxel in Patients With Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Who Have Previously Been Treated With Immunotherapy

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients must be \>= 18 years old. Because no dosing or adverse event (AE) data are currently available on the use of MLN4924 (pevonedistat) in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients \< 18 years of age, children are excluded from this study, but may be eligible for future pediatric trials. * Patients must have histologically confirmed stage IIIB or IV NSCLC (squamous or nonsquamous) that is metastatic or unresectable. * Patients must have measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1. * Patients must have progressed on prior treatment with checkpoint inhibitor (PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors) either as a single-agent therapy or in combination, as below. Patients will be eligible if there is a contra-indication to checkpoint inhibitor therapy. * Patients who have progressed after receiving a checkpoint inhibitor in combination with a platinum-based doublet, as first-line treatment for NSCLC. * Patients who have progressed on checkpoint inhibitor as second-line therapy, after receiving a platinum-based doublet as first-line therapy. * Patients who have progressed on platinum-based doublet as second-line therapy, after receiving a checkpoint inhibitor as first-line therapy. * Patients must have disease progression on or after platinum-based chemotherapy for metastatic disease or within 6 months of completion of platinum-based chemotherapy administration as adjuvant/neoadjuvant chemotherapy or concurrent che…