The Microbiome of Sputum, Urine and Feces in Healthy Persons and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients with smoking history at least 10 pack-year * Patients with persistent airflow limitation that was not fully reversible (e.g. post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity ( FEV1/FVC) \<0.7) Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with co-existing illness that would interfere with study results (e.g., malignancy, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disorders, chronic renal failure, diabetes with severe complications, or uncontrolled hypertension) * Patients with respiratory disease other than obstructive lung disease (e.g., previous pulmonary resection, tuberculosis-destroyed lung, and bronchiectasis) * Patients with recent (8 weeks prior to screening) exacerbation or other respiratory illness