Ketamine Versus Lidocaine Nebulization for Awake Fiberoptic Intubation

Inclusion Criteria: * American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II of both sexes with body weight from 60-90 kg, and planned for elective awake nasal fiberoptic intubation due to expected difficulty in airway management (e.g. limited mouth opening, trismus, mandibular/ maxillary swellings or tumors, ludwig's angina, or other indications). Exclusion Criteria: * body weight \< 60 kg or \> 90 kg * uncooperative, with mental or psychological problems * known allergy to any of the study drugs * pregnancy * hypertension * cardiac disease * liver or renal impairment * epilepsy, * asthmatic, * previous bad experience of awake intubation, * emergency operations or * coagulation abnormalities