Filgrastim, Cladribine, Cytarabine, and Mitoxantrone With Sorafenib in Treating Patients With Newly-Diagnosed, Acute Myeloid Leukemia or High-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 18-60 years, inclusive * Newly diagnosed disease with either a diagnosis of "high-risk" MDS (\>= 10% blasts in marrow or blood), high-risk myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN; \>= 10% blasts in blood or bone marrow), or AML other than acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with t(15;17)(q22;q12) or variants according to the 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Patients with biphenotypic AML are eligible; such "high-risk" MDS or MPN have natural history much closer to AML than to lower risk MDS or MPN and have responded similarly to "AML-type" therapy. * Outside diagnostic material is acceptable as long as peripheral blood and/or bone marrow slides are reviewed at the study institution by appropriate clinical staff. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood and/or bone marrow should be performed according to institutional practice guidelines. * Treatment-related mortality (TRM) score =\< 13.1 as calculated with simplified model * The use of hydroxyurea prior to study registration is allowed. Patients with symptoms/signs of hyperleukocytosis, white blood cell (WBC) \> 100,000/uL, or acute symptoms can be treated with leukapheresis or may receive up to 2 doses of cytarabine (up to 500 mg/m\^2/dose) prior to study day 0 enrollment * Bilirubin =\< 2 times institutional upper limit of normal unless elevation is thought to be due to hepatic infiltration by AML, Gilbert's syndrome, or hemolysis (assessed within 10 days prior to study day 0) * Se…