Cog-VACCINE: Cognitive Training in Patients With Vascular Cognitive Impairment, no Dementia

Inclusion Criteria: * Literate Han Chinese, aged 50-78 years, with a consistent caregiver who accompanies the subject at least 4 days a week; * Complaint and/or informant report of cognitive impairment involving memory and/or other cognitive domains lasting for at least 3 months; * Neither normal nor demented according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, with a clinical dementia rating (CDR) ≥ 0.5 on at least one domain and global score ≤ 0.5; a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≥ 20 (primary school) or ≥ 24 (junior school or above); * Normal or slightly impaired activities of daily living as defined by a total score of ≤ 1.5 on the three functional CDR domains (home and hobbies, community affairs, and personal care). The MRI entry criteria are as follows: * Multiple (≥ 3) supratentorial subcortical small infarcts (3-20 mm in diameter), with/without white matter lesions (WML) of any degree; or moderate to severe WML (score ≥ 2 according to the Fazekas rating scale) with/without small infarct; * Absence of cortical and watershed infarcts, hemorrhages, hydrocephalus, and WMLs with specific causes (e.g., multiple sclerosis); * No hippocampal or entorhinal cortex atrophy (score 0 according to the medial temporal lobe atrophy scale of Scheltens). Exclusion Criteria: * severe aphasia, physical disabilities, or any other factor that may preclude completion of neuropsychological testing; * disorders other than su…