* To evaluate infusion flow rates attainable when using the proximal humerus and proximal tibia IO vascular access sites.
* To evaluate the intraosseous infusion physiology when using the proximal humerus and proximal tibia IO infusion sites.
* To further evaluate the relationship between IO and venous blood when used for laboratory testing.
* To determine the time from IO needle insertion to IO access established.
Who can participate
Age range21 Years
SexALL
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AI-rewrites the medical criteria so a patient or caregiver can understand them. Always confirm with the trial site.
Inclusion Criteria:
* Age 21 years or older; Have no amputation of the upper or lower extremities; Able to lay flat on a table for up to 2 hours; Self-reported as healthy; Negative urine pregnancy test day of in-house study procedures (female subjects)
Exclusion Criteria:
* Have a known active infection in the body; Imprisoned; Pregnant ; Cognitively impaired ; Fracture in humerus or tibia, or significant trauma to the site; Excessive tissue and/or absence of adequate anatomical landmarks at proximal humerus and proximal tibia IO insertion sites; Infection in target area; Humeral/tibial IO insertion in past 48 hours, prosthetic limb or joint or other significant orthopedic procedure in humerus or tibia; Current use of anti-coagulants; Current cardiac condition requiring pacemaker or anti-arrhythmic drugs; Prior adverse reaction to lidocaine; History of impaired renal function; Prior adverse reaction to contrast media; Allergy to iodine containing medications; Allergy to shellfish; Have taken analgesics/anesthetics the day of in-house study procedures; Volunteers with any of the following characteristics may be excluded from the study at the discretion of the PI; Allergy to any food or drug; History of impaired hepatic function; History of cardiac disease; History of pheochromocytoma