Efficacy and Safety of Parecoxib on Morphine Patient-controlled Epidural Analgesia (PCEA) After Gynecologic Surgery

Inclusion Criteria: * women scheduled for elective gynecological surgery under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia Exclusion Criteria: * contraindications for CSE placement * known allergy, sensitivity, or contraindication to opioid and nonopioid analgesic drugs * history of bleeding disorders, peptic ulceration, or anticoagulant use within the past month * current pregnancy or breastfeeding * history of known or suspected drug abuse * unable to understand the use of pain assessment scales and the PCA device * Patient with asthma or bronchospasm, requiring treatment with glucocorticoids * poorly controlled hypertension or diabetes, a chronic or acute renal or hepatic disorder, or inflammatory bowel disease * patients had taken antidepressants, narcotic analgesics, antihistamines, anxiolytics, hypnotics, sedatives, NSAIDs, or corticosteroids up to 24 h before receipt of the study medication