Veliparib, Cyclophosphamide, and Doxorubicin Hydrochloride in Treating Patients With Metastatic or Unresectable Solid Tumors or Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients must have histologically confirmed malignancy that is metastatic or unresectable and for which standard curative or palliative measures do not exist or are no longer effective; patients with either solid tumors or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are eligible * At the recommended Phase II dose level, an additional 6 to 12 patients in each group with the following criteria will be enrolled: documented breast cancer (BRCA)1/BRC2 mutation, triple-negative breast cancer defined as estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2-negative, or patients who would benefit from a cyclophosphamide-based regimen * On the schedule of ABT-888 given for 7 or 14 days, only patients with metastatic breast cancer will be enrolled * Patients must be \>= 4 weeks since prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy (\>= 6 weeks if the last regimen included carmustine \[BCNU\] or mitomycin C); patients previously treated with cyclophosphamide should not be necessarily excluded * Patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that is amenable to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with curative intent may participate only if stem cell transplant is refused or is not indicated * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status =\< 2 * Life expectancy of greater than 2 months * Hemoglobin \>= 9.0 g/dL * Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \>= 1,500/uL * Platelets \>= 100,000/uL * Total bilirubin within norma…